The Authority of Ex Officio Judges in Protecting Women's and Children's Rights Post-Divorce at the Manado Religious Court
Abstract
This study examines how judges' ex officio authority is applied to secure the rights of ex-wives and children following a divorce at the Manado Religious Court and the challenges judges face in exercising this authority. It focuses on fulfilling iddah alimony, mut'ah, and child support by the ex-husband and applying ex officio authority in divorce cases. Using an empirical legal approach, the research collects data through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation. Primary data was gathered from interviews with Manado Religious Court judges and relevant parties, while secondary data was sourced from legal literature and regulations. The findings show that, although legal provisions exist to protect the rights of ex-wives and children, their implementation is hindered by social and economic factors, as well as difficulties in enforcing court decisions. Furthermore, ex officio authority is not always consistently applied, with some judges rarely using it or relying solely on trial evidence. Key challenges include claims of financial incapacity by the ex-husband and lengthy, costly execution processes, undermining the effectiveness of fulfilling these rights. The study also reveals the lack of clarity regarding criminal sanctions for ex-husbands neglecting their alimony obligations.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Ahmatnijar, A., Tenrilawa, D. F., Asmuni, A., Matsum, H., & Subha, R. (2022). When Religious Judges Protect Children’s Rights: Case of Divorce in Padangsidempuan Religious Court. Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 15(2), 223–240. https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2022.15204
Al-Zuhaili, W. (2006). Al Fiqh Islami wa Adillatuhu. Dar al-Fikr.
Amal, M. I., & Zulaicha, S. (2023). Ex Officio Hakim Dalam Menentukan Nafkah ‘Iddah Istri Nusyuz Pada Putusan Verstek. Sakina: Journal of Family Studies, 7(1), 51–66. https://doi.org/10.18860/jfs.v7i1.2900
Azani, M. A., & Cysillia, C. A. N. (2022). Pelaksanaan Putusan Pengadilan Agama Mengenai Pemenuhan Hak Nafkah Anak Pasca Perceraian Di Pengadilan Agama Pekanbaru. Jotika Research in Business Law, 1(2), 46–59. https://doi.org/10.56445/jrbl.v1i2.43
Azizah, Ali Hisyam, M., & Abou-Bakr, O. (2023). Application of Ex Officio Rights Based on Gender Justice in Divorce Lawsuit in Surabaya Religious Court, Indonesia. Jurnal Mahkamah : Kajian Ilmu Hukum Dan Hukum Islam, 8(2), 187–202. https://doi.org/10.25217/jm.v8i2.4075
Bilalu, N., Jamal, R., Harun, N., & Subeitan, S. M. (2022). Compilation of Islamic Law as Judge’s Consideration at a Religious Court in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 6(2), 1–23. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v6i2.12441
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
Cahyani, T. D. (2020). Hukum Perkawinan. UMMPress.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Dobinson, I., & Johns, F. (2017). Legal research as qualitative research. Research Methods for Law, 18–47.
Elbashir, G. O. (2024). Spiritual and Scientific Benefits of Iddah (Waiting Period) to Muslim Widow and Divorcee. International Journal of Religion, 5(6), 865–869.
Fadil, F., Mazidah, Z., & Mahmudi, Z. (2024). Fulfillment of Women’s Rights After Divorce: Dynamics and Transformation in the Legal Journey. De Jure: Jurnal Hukum Dan Syar’iah, 16(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v16i1.25713
Fatimah, R. A., & Rifqi, M. (2014). Pemenuhan Hak Istri dan Anak Akibat Putusnya Perkawinan karena Perceraian (Studi Kasus di Pengadilan Agama Banjarmasin). Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan, 4(7), 558. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.20527/kewarganegaraan.v4i7.440
Hammad, M. (2016). Hak-Hak Perempuan Pasca Perceraian: Nafkah Iddah Talak dalam Hukum Keluarga Muslim Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Yordania. Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 7(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2014.07102
Hamzah, A. (1986). Kamus Hukum (1st ed.). Ghalia Indonesia.
Hamzah, H., Mukhlas, O. S., & Saepullah, U. (2022). Hak-Hak Perempuan Pasca Perceraian Dalam Hukum Positif Dan Hukum Islam. Usroh: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 6(1), 62–80. https://doi.org/10.19109/ujhki.v6i1.12239
Hasanudin, H., Mukhlas, O. S., Noradin, M. F. B. M., Solehudin, E., & Jubaedah, D. (2023). Phenomena of Domestic Violence Against Women and Divorce in 2020-2022 in Indonesia: An Islamic Perspective. Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 137–152. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v17i2.7686
Hayati, M., & Ali, N. (2022). Ex-Officio Rights in Talak Divorce: Study on Judges’ Considerations in the Compliance of Ex-Wife’s Rights. Mazahib, 21(1), 93–116. https://doi.org/10.21093/mj.v21i1.4219
Hifni, M. (2016). Hak Asuh Anak Pasca Perceraian Suami Istri dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam. Bil Dalil: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 1(02), 49–80.
Ibrahim AR, I. A., & Nasrullah, N. (2017). Eksistensi Hak Ex Officio Hakim dalam Perkara Cerai Talak. SAMARAH: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 1(2), 459. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v1i2.2378
Ihwanudin, N. (2019). Pemenuhan Kewajiban Pasca Perceraian di Pengadilan Agama. ADLIYA: Jurnal Hukum Dan Kemanusiaan, 10(1), 51–68. https://doi.org/10.15575/adliya.v10i1.5146
Ihzafitri, E. I., Roihanah, R., Salsabila, R. A., & Mudhi’ah, Q. F. (2022). Implementasi Kewenangan Ex-Officio Hakim dalam Perkara Cerai Talak di Pengadilan Agama Kabupaten Kediri. Jurnal Antologi Hukum, 2(2), 222–235. https://doi.org/10.21154/antologihukum.v2i2.1329
Irmawati, N. (2019). Batasan Ex Officio Hakim Terhadap Hak Istri Pada Permohonan Talak Dalam Upaya Memberikan Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak Istri. Universitas Brawijaya.
Jalil, S. M. A., Hakim, G., & Karmila, K. (2022). Pelaksanaan Hak Keperdataan Anak dari Orang Tua Putus Perkawinan Karena Talak. Jurnal Ilmiah Dikdaya, 12(2), 559. https://doi.org/10.33087/dikdaya.v12i2.356
Jamil, A., & Nur, M. (2022). Perlindungan Hukum Dan Keadilan Para Pihak Melalui Ex Officio Hakim Dalam Putusan Verstek Perkara Perceraian. Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum, 29(2), 439–460. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol29.iss2.art10
Kasim, F. M., Nurdin, A., Muthalib, S. A., Syarifuddin, S., & Samad, M. (2022). The Protection of Women and Children Post-Divorce in Sharia Courts in Aceh: A Sociological Perspective. Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 22(2), 411–432. https://doi.org/doi.10.15408/ajis.v22i2.28747
Mansari, M., & Fatahillah, Z. (2021). Penetapan Nafkah Iddah Melalui Hak Ex Officio Bagi Istri Nusyuz. Jurnal Yudisial, 14(2), 271–290.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saljana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
Muhammad, A. (2004). Hukum dan Penelitian Hukum. Citra Aditya Bakti.
Mursyid, S., Bilalu, N., & Subeitan, S. M. (2024). Navigating Custody: The Impact of Religious Court Judges on Interfaith Family Dynamics. Al-Mujtahid: Journal of Islamic Family Law, 4(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.30984/ajifl.v4i1.3039
Musawwamah, S. (2013). Keterlibatan Perempuan Pada Penyelesaian Kasus KDRT Di Pengadilan Agama. AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial, 7(1), 52–81. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v7i1.318
Nugroho, A. D., Suganda, A., & Sailellah, S. (2023). Revitalization of the Execution of Religious Court Decisions through Engineering Compliance with the Implementation of Execution of Judgments Related to the Fulfillment of the Rights of Ex-Wives and Children. International Journal of Social Service and Research, 3(4), 1009–1017. https://doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v3i4.341
Nurdin, M. (2023). Pemenuhan Hak-hak Anak Pasca Perceraian Orang Tua di Kecamatan Cikembar. As-Sakinah : Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 1(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.51729/sakinah11130
Nurlaelawati, E. (2018). Women’s Financial Rights After Divorce in Indonesia. In Women and Property Rights in Indonesian Islamic Legal Contexts (pp. 89–106). Brill.
Pani, M. Al, Sholehuddin, M., & Niaz, N. S. (2023). Implementation of Ex Officio Rights of Judges of the Kediri District Religious Court: An Analysis of Non-Cumulation of Divorce and Child Custody Rights. Jurnal Mahkamah : Kajian Ilmu Hukum Dan Hukum Islam, 8(2), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.25217/jm.v8i2.4119
Qomaro, G. W. (2021). Agensi Hakim Pengadilan Agama Bangkalan dalam Pemenuhan Hak Istri Pasca Cerai. Mahkamah : Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 6(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.24235/mahkamah.v6i1.7455
Razali, M., Hadigunawan, N., & Jamil, A. N. (2020). Analysis of Islamic Legal Rulings Relating to Women Activities During Waiting Period (Iddah) of Revocable Divorce (Talaq Raj’ie) According to Muslim Jurists. Jurnal Islam Dan Masyarakat Kontemporari, 21(1), 276–286. https://doi.org/10.37231/jimk.2020.21.1.478
Rohman, A. N., Sugeng, S., & Widyaningrum, H. (2020). Instrumentation Of Ex-Officio Rights Of Religious Courts Judge Related To Fulfilling Children And Wife’s Rights Due To Divorce. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 50(2), 361. https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol50.no2.2581
Salma, Elfia, & Djalal, A. (2017). Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Perempuan Dan Anak (Analisis Putusan Hakim Tentang Nafkah Madhiyah Pada Pengadilan Agama Di Sumatera Barat ). Istinbath, 16(1), 106–208. https://doi.org/10.20414/ijhi.v16i1.77
Setiawan, D. (2022). Hak Ex Officio Hakim Dalam Menetapkan Kewajiban Suami Terhadap Isteri Dalam Perkara Cerai Talak. University Of Bengkulu Law Journal, 7(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.33369/ubelaj.7.1.45-53
Sholeh, A., Gumelar, D. R., & Fuadah, A. T. (2019). Pendampingan Hak-Hak Perempuan Dan Anak Pasca Perceraian. JCIC : Jurnal CIC Lembaga Riset Dan Konsultan Sosial, 1(2), 80–99. https://doi.org/10.51486/jbo.v1i2.19
Sholikhah, A., & J, J. (2023). Judge’s Consideration of Post-Divorce Rights (‘Iddah and Mut’ah) from The Perspective of Maslahah Mursalah. Sakina: Journal of Family Studies, 7(1), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.18860/jfs.v7i2.3780
Simanjuntak, P. N. H. (2016). Hukum Perdata Indonesia (1st ed.). Prenada Media Group.
Simorangkir, J. C. T., Erwin, R. T., & Prasetyo, J. T. (2000). Kamus Hukum. Sinar Grafika.
Suadi, A. (2022). Protection of Women’s and Children’s Rights Based on System Interconnection: A New Paradigm of Execution of Women and Children’s Rights after Divorce. Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan, 11(3), 499. https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.11.3.2022.499-522
Suleman, F. (2021). Pandangan Hakim Terhadap Kelalaian Nafkah Anak Pasca Perceraian di Pengadilan Agama Tondano. Al-Mujtahid: Journal of Islamic Family Law, 1(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.30984/jifl.v1i1.1643
Suriani, S., Aini, N., Marlin, M., Fitriadi, M., Darwis, R., & Baharuddin, A. Z. (2024). The Fulfillment of Women’s and Children’s Rights Post-Divorce in Judicial Decisions of the Unaaha Religious Court. Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir’ah, 22(1), 95. https://doi.org/10.30984/jis.v22i1.2904
Susylawati, E., Abadi, M. M., & Mahmud, M. L. (2014). Pelaksanaan Putusan Nafkah Istri Pasca Cerai Talak di Pengadilan Agama Pamekasan. AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial, 8(2), 374–393. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v8i2.354
Syahbana, T. R. F. (2022). Aspek Hukum Perkawinan Di Indonesia. umsu press.
Syaifuddin, S., & Turatmiyah, S. (2012). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Perempuan Dalam Proses Gugat Cerai (Khulu’) Di Pengadilan Agama Palembang. Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2012.12.2.53
Tijow, L. M. (2024). Progressive Legal Perspective on the Fulfilment of Women’s and Children’s Rights Post-Divorce in Divorce Cases Suitable in Religious Courts. International Journal of Law Reconstruction, 8(2), 192–211. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/ijlr.v8i2.38384
Ula, S. K. (2021). Qiwama dalam Rumah Tangga Perspektif Teori Mubadalah dan Relevansinya di Indonesia. Mahakim: Journal of Islamic Family Law, 5(2), 135–148. https://doi.org/10.30762/mahakim.v5i2.138
Yuni, L. A. (2021). The use of ex officio to fulfill women’s post-divorce rights at the Samarinda Religious Court. Ijtihad : Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan, 21(2), 135–154. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v21i2.135-154
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30984/jis.v23i1.3318
Article Metrics
Abstract view : 70 timesPDF - 44 times
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Salma, Syahrul Mubarak Subeitan, Naskur Bilalu, Asril Amirul Zakariah, Adamu Abubakar Muhammad

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Rumah Jurnal IAIN Manado
Jl. Dr. S.H. Sarundajang, Kawasan Ringroad I, Malendeng Manado Kode Pos 95128, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia.
All publication by Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir'ah are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir’ah, ISSN 1693-4202 (Print), ISSN 2528-0368 (Online)
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |