Women's Double Burden in the Family Between Culture and Discrimination

Muhammad Aziz

Abstract


This study endeavors to explore the multifaceted nature of women's double burden within the family framework, delving into the intersection of cultural norms, discriminatory practices, and gender perspectives that contribute to gender injustice. Employing a library research methodology encompassing books, articles, journals, news, and papers, this research adopts descriptive-analytical methods coupled with gender-focused approaches. The findings underscore a prevalent societal phenomenon where one gender shoulders a disproportionately heavier workload compared to the other, leading to a situation of double burden. Despite contemporary perceptions normalizing women's participation in the workforce, cultural constraints persist, perpetuating the dual responsibilities borne by women and perpetuating gender injustice. For women unencumbered by stringent cultural norms, barriers to employment persist due to various factors such as economic constraints and limited educational opportunities. To alleviate discrimination and mitigate double burden within households, several strategies emerge. First, dispelling the notion that work is solely a male domain is crucial. Second, fostering mutual agreements between spouses in distributing daily responsibilities can mitigate discrimination and uphold equitable commitments. Additionally, the establishment of women's advocacy groups in both rural and urban settings is pivotal. Social campaigns emphasizing equality play a vital role in eradicating injustice. Enforcing stringent penalties for offenders coupled with preventive measures aims to raise awareness among potential perpetrators. Ultimately, addressing women's double burden necessitates societal efforts to eliminate discrimination, fostering household harmony, and nurturing prosperity. Embracing gender equality and redefining societal roles are imperative steps toward realizing a fairer, more equitable future within familial settings.


Keywords


Culture; Discrimination; Double Burden; Gender

Full Text:

PDF

References


Alderbashi, K. Y., & Moussa, M. K. (2022). Effectiveness of Employing the E-mind Mapping Strategy in Scientific Courses: Adopting the Blended Learning Approach at Emirati Private Preparatory Schools. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 11(4), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.5430/jct.v11n4p159

Allanana, G. (2013). Patriarchy and Gender Inequality in Nigeria : the Way Forward. European Scientific Journal, 9(17), 115–144.

Amin, H. (2020). Pendidikan Keluarga Muslim di Tengah pandemi. Raudhah Proud To Be Professionals: Jurnal Tarbiyah Islamiyah, 5(2), 1–9.

Anwar, S. (2015). Problem Aplikasi Paham Gender dalam Keluarga. Kalimah: Jurnal Studi Agama Dan Pemikiran Islam, 13(1), 23–48.

Asriani, D. D., Fatimah, D., Mardhiyyah, M., & Zubaedah, A. (2021). The changes in the daily activities cycle of women informal workers during the covid-19 pandemic: Vulnerability and resilience. Sawwa: Jurnal Studi Gender, 16(1), 19–42.

Ballout, H. I. (2008). Work‐family conflict and career success: the effects of domain‐specific determinants. Journal of Management Development, 27(5), 437–466. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710810871781

Barnett, R. C., & Hyde, J. S. (2001). Women, men, work, and family: An expansionist theory. American Psychologist, 56(10), 781–796. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.10.781

Baruch, G. K., Biener, L., & Barnett, R. C. (1987). Women and gender in research on work and family stress. American Psychologist, 42(2), 130.

Batalha, L., Reynolds, K. J., & Newbigin, C. A. (2011). All else being equal: Are men always higher in social dominance orientation than women? European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(6), 796–806. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.829

Behrman, J. A., Meinzen-Dick, R., & Quisumbing, A. R. (2014). Understanding Gender and Culture in Agriculture: The Role of Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. In Gender in Agriculture (pp. 31–53). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8616-4_2

Beneria, L., & Sen, G. (1982). Class and Gender Inequalities and Women’s Role in Economic Development: Theoretical and Practical Implications. Feminist Studies, 8(1), 157. https://doi.org/10.2307/3177584

Biroli, A., & Satriyati, E. (2021). Beban ganda perempuan dalam mendukung perekonomian keluarga di masa pandemi Covid-19. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penanggulangan Kemiskinan, 1(1).

Bishop, A. P. (1999). Document structure and digital libraries: how researchers mobilize information in journal articles. Information Processing & Management, 35(3), 255–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4573(98)00061-2

Boutayeb, A. (2006). The double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases in developing countries. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 100(3), 191–199.

Cibangu, S. K. (2013). A memo of qualitative research for information science: toward theory construction. Journal of Documentation, 69(2), 194–213. https://doi.org/10.1108/00220411311300048

Cuádraz, G. H., & Uttal, L. (1999). Intersectionality and In-depth Interviews: Methodological Strategies for Analyzing Race, Class, and Gender. Race, Gender & Class, 6(3), 156–186.

Deterding, N. M., & Waters, M. C. (2021). Flexible Coding of In-depth Interviews: A Twenty-first-century Approach. Sociological Methods & Research, 50(2), 708–739. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124118799377

Fernández-Cornejo, J. A., Escot, L., Del-Pozo, E., & Castellanos-Serrano, C. (2016). Do Fathers Who Took Childbirth Leave Become More Involved in Their Children’s Care? The Case of Spain. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 47(2), 169–191. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.47.2.169

Ford, M. T., Heinen, B. A., & Langkamer, K. L. (2007). Work and family satisfaction and conflict: A meta-analysis of cross-domain relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 57–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.57

Gillespie, D. L. (1971). Who has the power? The marital struggle. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 445–458.

Gunawan, S. (2021). Perlindungan Bagi Korban Penganiayaan Dalam Proses Peradilan Tindak Pidana Di Tinjau Dari Segi Viktimologi. Institut Agama Islam Muhammadiyah Sinjai.

Haas, L., & Hwang, C. P. (2008). The Impact of Taking Parental Leave on Fathers’ Participation In Childcare And Relationships With Children: Lessons from Sweden. Community, Work & Family, 11(1), 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668800701785346

Hidayati, N. (2015). Beban ganda perempuan bekerja (antara domestik dan publik). Muwazah: Jurnal Kajian Gender, 7(2).

Huda, K., & Renggani, L. A. (2021). Perempuan Kapuk Dalam Ekspektasi Budaya Patriarki (Sebuah Analisis Beban Ganda Gender ). Kafa’ah: Journal of Gender Studies, 11(2), 184–198.

Huriani, Y., Rahman, M. T., & Haq, M. Z. (2021). Developing Gender-Based Justice Relationships in Indonesian Families During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Equalita: Jurnal Studi Gender Dan Anak, 3(1), 76–95.

Irwan, A. (2001). Seks, Gender dan reproduksi kekuasaan. Tarawang.

Ji, Y., Wu, X., Sun, S., & He, G. (2017). Unequal Care, Unequal Work: Toward a more Comprehensive Understanding of Gender Inequality in Post-Reform Urban China. Sex Roles, 77(11–12), 765–778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0751-1

Jick, T. D., & Mitz, L. F. (1985). Sex differences in work stress. Academy of Management Review, 10(3), 408–420.

Karubaba, H. Y., Engel, J. D., Karubaba, E. F., Awom, S. B., & Mehuwe, R. J. (2022). Gender Injustice against Women in Arso Tengah Village Keerom Regency, Papua Province. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(8), 8574–8581.

Kling, R., & Covi, L. (1996). Electronic Journals and Legitimate Media in the Systems of Scholarly Communication. Digital Studies/Le Champ Numérique, 1. https://doi.org/10.16995/dscn.229

Koehler, G. (2016). Tapping the Sustainable Development Goals for progressive gender equity and equality policy? Gender & Development, 24(1), 53–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2016.1142217

Langer, A., Meleis, A., Knaul, F. M., Atun, R., Aran, M., Arreola-Ornelas, H., Bhutta, Z. A., Binagwaho, A., Bonita, R., Caglia, J. M., Claeson, M., Davies, J., Donnay, F. A., Gausman, J. M., Glickman, C., Kearns, A. D., Kendall, T., Lozano, R., Seboni, N., … Frenk, J. (2015). Women and Health: the key for sustainable development. The Lancet, 386(9999), 1165–1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60497-4

Lindberg, S. M., Hyde, J. S., Petersen, J. L., & Linn, M. C. (2010). New trends in gender and mathematics performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(6), 1123–1135. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021276

Loscocco, K. A. (1997). Work–Family Linkages among Self-Employed Women and Men. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50(2), 204–226. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.1576

Lubis, S., Sayuti, M. A., Hartono, H., & Efendi, A. (2023). Gender Inequality Representation in Novels Air Mata Maharani Vennia Lestari’s Work. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 10(11), 176–181.

Lubow, A. (2007). “... Not Related by Blood, Marriage, or Adoption”: A History of the Definition of" Family" in Zoning Law. Journal of Affordable Housing & Community Development Law, 144–221.

Maulana, F. D. (2023). Gender dan Politik Perburuhan: Ketidakadilan Gender terhadap Buruh Perempuan Pengrajin Bulu Mata Palsu di Desa Kasih Kabupaten Purbalingga. Universitas Jenderal Soedirman.

McBride, A. B. (1990). Mental health effects of women’s multiple roles. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 2(3), 4–14.

Mikkola, A., & Miles, C. A. (2007). Development and Gender Equality: Consequences (Vol. 17, Issue 159).

Murphy, R. (2004). The impact of labor migration on the well-being and agency of rural Chinese women: cultural and economic contexts and the life course. In On the move: Women and rural-to-urban migration in contemporary China (pp. 243–276). Columbia University Press.

Nations, U., & Leone, S. (2015). Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women. Women and the Economy: A Reader, 68770(December), 337–346. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315698113-48

Ngatia, L. W. (n.d.). Gender and , quality : Male Broadcasters ’ Perception s of Gender-Based Affirmative Action at the SAB C By : Lucy Wambui Ngatia A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment for the Masters o f. University of Natal, Durban.

Ningsih, S. F., & Wibowo, A. (2023). Sanksi Hukum Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga dalam Perspektif Hukum Pidana. MAQASIDI: Jurnal Syariah Dan Hukum, 29–41.

Nur, R. J., Komariah, S., & others. (2023). Gender Dynamics Analysis: Uncovering the Roles and Identities of Bugis-Makassar Women. The Journal of Indonesia Sustainable Development Planning, 4(2), 216–226.

Okeyo, A. P. (1979). Women in the household economy: Managing multiple roles. Studies in Family Planning, 10(11/12), 337–343.

Parsons, T. (1964). Evolutionary universals in society. American Sociological Review, 339–357.

Pasaribu, R. H. (2023). Beban Ganda Perempuan Batak dalam Partisipasi Politik. Al Qalam: Jurnal Ilmiah Keagamaan Dan Kemasyarakatan, 17(1), 123–132.

Pascall, G., & Manning, N. (2000). Gender and social policy: comparing welfare states in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Journal of European Social Policy, 10(3), 240–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/a013497

Puspitawati, H., Simanjuntak, M., & Hayati, L. (2012). Kontribusi ekonomi dan peran ganda perempuan serta pengaruhnya terhadap kesejahteraan subjektif. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga & Konsumen, 5(1), 11–18.

Qibtiyah, A. (2018). Mapping of Muslims understandings on gender issues in Islam at six universities in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 56(2), 305–340.

Quinn, M. E., Hunter, C. L., Ray, S., Rimon, M. M. Q., Sen, K., & Cumming, R. (2016). The double burden: Barriers and facilitators to socioeconomic inclusion for women with disability in Bangladesh. Disability, CBR & Inclusive Development, 27(2), 128–149.

Quinn, N. (1977). Anthropological Studies on Women’s Status. Annual Review of Anthropology, 6(1), 181–225. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.06.100177.001145

Rahiem, M. D. H., Krauss, S. E., & Ersing, R. (2021). Perceived consequences of extended social isolation on mental well-being: Narratives from Indonesian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10489.

Rai, S. S., Peters, R. M. H., Syurina, E. V, Irwanto, I., Naniche, D., & Zweekhorst, M. B. M. (2020). Intersectionality and health-related stigma: insights from experiences of people living with stigmatized health conditions in Indonesia. International Journal for Equity in Health, 19, 1–15.

Ramdani, A., Artayasa, I. P., Sulawanti, E. V., & Yustiqvar, M. (2022). Analysis of students’ self-regulated learning in terms of gender using blended learning-based laboratory inquiry teaching materials. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2600(1).

Rao, N. (2018). Global Agendas, Local Norms: Mobilizing around Unpaid Care and Domestic Work in Asia. Development and Change, 49(3), 735–758. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12390

Rhode, D. L. (1991). The “No-Problem” Problem: Feminist Challenges and Cultural Change. The Yale Law Journal, 100(6), 1731. https://doi.org/10.2307/796785

Rohmaniyah, I. (2013). Women’s negotiation of status and space in a Muslim fundamentalist movement. In Gender and Power in Indonesian Islam (pp. 135–154). Routledge.

Rohmaniyah, I. (2020). Gender dan Konstruksi Patriarki dalam Tafsir Agama. SUKA-Press.

Rohmaniyah, I., Kotele, S., Pabbajah, M., & Rasyidah, H. S. (2022). Female Ulama’s Authority: Deconstructing Masculine Domination in Islamic Norms and Practices. International Journal of Islamic Thought, 21.

Rushton, A., Gray, L., Canty, J., & Blanchard, K. (2019). Beyond Binary: (Re)Defining “Gender” for 21st Century Disaster Risk Reduction Research, Policy, and Practice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203984

Rutherford, S. (2001). Organizational cultures, women managers and exclusion. Women in Management Review, 16(8), 371–382. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000006289

Safrizal, H. B. A., Eliyana, A., & Febriyanti, K. L. (2020). The Effect of Double Role Conflict (Work Family Conflict) on Female Worker’s Performance with Work Stress as the Intervening Variable. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(10).

Salganicoff, M. (1990). Women in Family Businesses: Challenges and Opportunities. Family Business Review, 3(2), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1990.00125.x

Schwartz, F. N. (1989). Management Women and the New Facts of Life. Women in Management Review, 4(5). https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000001789

Sharma, N., Chakrabarti, S., & Grover, S. (2016). Gender differences in caregiving among family-caregivers of people with mental illnesses. World Journal of Psychiatry, 6(1), 7.

Sikweyiya, Y., Addo-Lartey, A. A., Alangea, D. O., Dako-Gyeke, P., Chirwa, E. D., Coker-Appiah, D., Adanu, R. M. K., & Jewkes, R. (2020). Patriarchy and gender-inequitable attitudes as drivers of intimate partner violence against women in the central region of Ghana. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 682. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08825-z

Singh, A. (2014). The Dynamics of Gender in Islam [Vishvanatha Kaviraja Institute]. In The Anthropology of Islam. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474215626.ch-008

St Jean, Y., & Feagin, J. R. (2015). Double burden: Black women and everyday racism. Routledge.

Stinchcombe, A. L. (2013). Social structure and organizations. In Handbook of organizations (RLE: Organizations) (pp. 142–193). Routledge.

Stockman, N., Bonney, N., & Sheng, X. (2016). Women’s Work in East and West: The Dual Burden of Employment and Family Life: The Dual Burden of Employment and Family Life. Routledge.

Syakhrani, A. W., & Kamil, M. L. (2022). Budaya Dan Kebudayaan: Tinjauan Dari Berbagai Pakar, Wujud-Wujud Kebudayaan, 7 Unsur Kebudayaan Yang Bersifat Universal. Cross-Border, 5(1), 782–791.

ten Brummelhuis, L. L., & Bakker, A. B. (2012). A resource perspective on the work–home interface: The work–home resources model. American Psychologist, 67(7), 545–556. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027974

Tillman, K. H., & Nam, C. B. (2008). Family structure outcomes of alternative family definitions. Population Research and Policy Review, 27, 367–384.

Toffoletti, K., & Starr, K. (2016). Women Academics and Work–Life Balance: Gendered Discourses of Work and Care. Gender, Work & Organization, 23(5), 489–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12133

Waters, M. (1989). Patriarchy and Viriarchy: An Exploration and Reconstruction of Concepts of Masculine Domination. Sociology, 23(2), 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038589023002003

Williams, K. J., & Alliger, G. M. (1994). Role stressors, mood spillover, and perceptions of work-family conflict in employed parents. Academy of Management Journal, 37(4), 837–868.

Wood, H. J. (2019). Gender inequality: The problem of harmful, patriarchal, traditional and cultural gender practices in the church. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 75(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v75i1.5177




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30984/pp.v27i2.2782

Article Metrics

Abstract view : 1281 times
PDF - 573 times

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2023 Potret Pemikiran

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Statistic Journal Potret

Rumah Jurnal Institut Agama Islam Negeri Manado

Jl. Dr. S.H. Sarundajang, Kawasan Ringroad I, Malendeng Manado Kode Pos 95128, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia.

Creative Commons License

All publication by  Potret Pemikiran are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Potret Pemikiran, ISSN 1693-1874 (Print), ISSN 2528-0376 (Online)