ABDULKARIM SOROUSH: THE THEORY OF THE CONTRACTION AND EXPANSION OF RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE AND THE CHALLENGE OF CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC THOUGHT
Abstract
Abstract: This article elaborates the theory of the contraction and expansion of religious knowledge (qabd wa bast-i ti?urik-i syari?at: nazariyah-i takamul-i ma?rifat-i dini), introduced by one of the greatest Muslim thinkers in contemporary era, who is popularly known as Abdolkarim Soroush. Soroush?s religious thought and insight has its own perspectives and characteristics. His assumptions and approaches absolutely differ from, either Iranian previous thinkers and scholars in particular, or Islamic scholars in general. In assessing his thought in the light of the efforts of the religious revivalists (muhiyan-i din) of the last century, Soroush emphasizes that his idea, the theory of the contraction and expansion of religious knowledge, provides a solution to the unresolved puzzle that all previous Muslim scholars and thinkers were faced with, that is, ?to reconcile change and immutability; eternity and temporality; the sacred and the profane.? Nevertheless, he claims neither perfection nor finality for his approach, for he believes that no one can have the final word and conclusion in the tremendous task of religious revivalism. In this sense, Soroush actually eager to criticize the idea of ?wilayatul faqih? and its immutability within Shi?ite Imamah?s doctrine. He also rejects the idea of a theocratic state in Iran, and promotes the concept of a religious democratic state, which he thinks it is the most ideal model for a modern democratic state. Method used in this study is documentation by referring and selecting Soroush?s important works and writings, together with other witings by other writers and critics.
Key Words: Abdulkarim Soroush, Theory of Contraction and Expansion of Knowledge, Religious Knowledge, Contemporary Islamic Thought
Abstrak: Artikel ini mengelaborasi teori tentang penyempitan dan perluasan pengetahuan keagamaan (the theory of the contraction and expansion of religious knowledge) yang diperkenalkan oleh salah seorang pemikir Muslim terkemuka di era kontemporer ini, yang lebih dikenal dengan nama Abdulkarim Soroush. Pemikiran dan ide keagamaan Soroush mempunyai karakteristik dan perspektif yang unik. Asumsi dan pendekatan yang dia gunakan sangat berbeda, baik dengan para sarjana dan pemikir Iran sebelumnya pada khususnya, maupun dengan para sarjana Muslim pada umumnya. Dalam memposisikan pemikirannya di tengah arus pemikiran para tokoh revivalis abad ke-19, Soroush menyatakan dengan penuh keyakinan bahwa teorinya ?the contraction and expansion of religious knowledge? atau ?teori tentang penyempitan dan perluasan pengetahuan keagamaan? memberikan sebuah solusi terhadap kebuntuan pemikiran yang tidak dapat dipecahkan oleh para pemikir Muslim sebelumnya, yaitu ?mencari titik temu antara sesuatu yang berubah (change) dengan yang tidak berubah (immutability); antara yang abadi (eternity) dengan yang sifatnya sementara (temporality); dan antara yang sakral (sacred) dengan yang sifatnya duniawi (profane). Namun demikian, Soroush menyadari bahwa pendekatan yang dia tawarkan tidaklah sempurna dan juga belum final, karena dia meyakini bahwasanya tidak seorang pun yang mempunyai kesimpulan yang final terkait dengan revivalisme keagamaan. Dalam hal ini, Soroush sebenarnya lebih tertarik untuk mengkritisi konsep ?wilayatul faqih? dan sakralitasnya dalam doktrin Shiah Imamiyah di Iran. Dia juga menolak gagasan tentang negara Teokratik di iran, dan memperkenalkan konsep tentang Negara-Demokratik-Relijius, yang menurutnya merupakan model yang paling ideal bagi negara demokrasi moderen. Metode yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah metode dokumentasi, yaitu dengan merujuk dan memilih karya-karya utama yang ditulis oleh Soroush sendiri dan juga karya-karya lain yang terkait dengan, maupun yang mengkritik pemikiran Soroush.
Kata Kunci: Abdulkarim Soroush, Teori Penyempitan dan Perluasan Pengetahuan, Pengetahuan Keagamaan, Pemikiran Islam Kontemporer??
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30984/ajip.v7i2.2240
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