Evidentiary Power of Authentic Deed Copies by Notary Protocol Holders: A Normative Legal Study in Indonesia
Abstract
Indonesian notarial law does not explicitly define the evidentiary hierarchy of authentic deed copies issued by Notary Protocol Holders following a transfer of custodial responsibility, creating legal uncertainty that threatens community civil rights. This study reassesses the evidentiary standing of such copies and delineates the normative boundaries of the Notary Protocol Holder's authority within the Indonesian civil evidence framework. A normative legal methodology is employed, integrating statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, drawing on primary legal materials including the UUJN and Civil Code, and comparative reference to Dutch and German notarial law. The protocol holder's authority, grounded in Articles 62 and 64 of the UUJN, is strictly custodial and confined to verbatim reproduction of the archived minute. Where formal requirements are satisfied, protocol-issued copies are capable of maintaining evidentiary equivalence across the three dimensions of external, formal, and material evidentiary power; however, this equivalence is not legislatively presumed, rendering continuity contingent on demonstrable procedural correctness. The normative gap disproportionately affects vulnerable groups, including women in inheritance disputes, indigenous communities, and low-income parties. Legislative amendment of the UUJN to affirm evidentiary equivalence explicitly, enhanced protocol administration standards, and progressive digitalization of notarial archives are necessary conditions for a more inclusive and legally certain civil evidence system in Indonesia.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Afwija, Z. M., Oktafia, Y., & Ghofar, A. (2025). Strengthening accountability in Indonesian notarial practice: The legal gap on liability for backdated deeds. Indonesia Private Law Review, 6(1), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.25041/iplr.v6i1.4459
Agarwal, B., & Naik, G. (2024). Women’s inheritance rights and evidentiary barriers in civil courts: An empirical assessment. World Development, 175, 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106478
Ali, M., & Yulia, R. (2023). Finding the Factors and Proposing the Solution for Preventing Secondary Victimization. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 12(5), 262–273. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2023-0150
Anrova, Y., Suparman, E., & Kusmayanti, H. (2021). Proof Power of Authentic Deed Transfer of Land Rights in Legal Perspective of Civil Procedures. Jurnal Hukum Novelty, 12(2), 237–247. https://doi.org/10.26555/novelty.v12i2.a18604
Bastian, J. A., & Alexander, B. (2009). Community Archives: The Shaping of Memory. Facet Publishing.
Budianto, A. (2020a). Legal research methodology reposition in research on social science. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 9(1), 1339–1346.
Budianto, A. (2020b). The epistemological foundations of normative legal research in Indonesia. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 9, 1339–1346. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.154
Budify, A., Manurung, J. A. L., & Hariandja, S. B. (2020). Pembatalan akta hibah di Pengadilan Negeri Pematangsiantar: Kajian Putusan Nomor 33/Pdt.G/2019/PN.Pms. SIGn Jurnal Hukum, 2(1), 72–85. https://doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v2i1.77
Butt, S., & Nathaniel, A. (2024). Evidence from criminal law experts in Indonesian criminal trials: Usurping the judicial function? The International Journal of Evidence and Proof, 28(2), 129–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/13657127231217319
Christians, A., & van Apeldoorn, L. (2018). The OECD Inclusive Framework. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3393140
Damaska, M. R. (1997). Evidence Law Adrift. Yale University Press.
Duranti, L., & Rogers, C. (2012). Trust in digital records: An increasingly cloudy legal area. Computer Law and Security Review, 28(5), 522–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2012.07.009
Fendri, A., & Mannas, Y. A. (2019). Electronic notary deed: A legal certainty study based on the law of notarial, the law of the limited liability company and the law of electronic transaction and information. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 10(5), 109 – 119.
Fineman, M. A., & Grear, A. (2013). Vulnerability: Reflections on a new ethical foundation for law and politics. In M. A. Fineman & A. Grear (Eds.), Vulnerability: Reflections on a New Ethical Foundation for Law and Politics (pp. 1–13). Ashgate.
Fitchen, J. (2020). The Private International Law of Authentic Instruments. Hart Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781509907656
Gandžalová, D. (2024). The importance of taking evidence as part of the court proceedings. Legestic, 2, 7–15. https://doi.org/10.5219/legestic.8
Hadju, C. F. (2021). Tanggung jawab notaris werda terhadap hilangnya minuta akta. Officium Notarium, 1(2), 270–283. https://doi.org/10.20885/JON.vol1.iss2.art7
Hamzani, A. I., Widyastuti, T. V., Khasanah, N., & Rusli, M. H. M. (2024). Implementation approach in legal research. International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences, 13(2), 380–388. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v13.i2.pp380-388
Hidayat, A., Syahrani, R., & Syaifuddin, M. (2018). Customary land governance and formal legal documentation in Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum Progresif, 6(2), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.14710/hp.6.2.101-118
Humaira, M., & Latumeten, P. E. (2022). Comparison of notary deeds in Indonesia, the Netherlands, and Belgium during the {COVID-19} pandemic. Linguistics and Culture Review, 6(S5), 233–243. https://doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v6nS5.2154
Irianto, S. (2004). Perempuan di antara berbagai pilihan hukum: Studi mengenai strategi perempuan Batak Toba untuk mendapatkan akses kepada harta waris melalui proses peradilan. Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Isnaini, H., & Utomo, W. (2019). The existence of the notary and notarial deeds within private procedural law in the industrial revolution era 4.0. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 10(3), 128–139.
Keane, A., & McKeown, P. (2022). The Modern Law of Evidence (14th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Khusna, L., Sudjai, S., Sulani, S., Mujito, M., & Mardikaningsih, R. (2025). Juridical responsibilities and ethical implications of notaries in making deeds of sale and purchase of customary land without certificate of ownership in Indonesia. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology, 8(1), 9–14.
Konca, P. (2021). Creating law of interpretation: A risky or fundamental step? Revus, 45. https://doi.org/10.4000/revus.7500
Lillo Lobos, R. (2022). Procedural and evidentiary barriers to civil justice: Cappelletti revisited. International Journal of Law in Context, 18(3), 312–328. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744552322000155
Mahardika, A. G. (2024). The Implementation of Referendum as a Limitation to Autocratic Legalism in the Formation of the Nusantara Capital City Law. Al-Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah Dan Hukum, 9(2), 113–129. https://doi.org/10.22515/alahkam.v9i2.10181
Mappong, Z., & Lili, L. (2023). Right to Self Submission to Western Inheritance Law for the Heirs Of Islamic Religion Whom the Property Leaver Has Different Religion. Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 11(2), e423. https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i2.423
Mashdurohatun, A., Waruwu, I. M., Saktiawan, M. D., Supriyadi, & El-Sonbaty, A. A. A. (2024). Regulatory Model for the Cancellation of Authentic Notarial Deeds Based on Principles of Justice. Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 4(3), 765–802. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v4i3.407
Nazran, M., Suhartono, S., & Hakim, L. (2024). Comparative notarial law and evidentiary continuity: Indonesia and the Netherlands. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 15(1), 44–61. https://doi.org/10.30652/jih.v15i1.10981
Negishi, Y. (2020). Procedural dimensions of civil and social rights: Access to proof and the effective enjoyment of rights. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 38(4), 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0924051920967213
Neira, M. C., Vargas, J. C., & Torres, P. (2024). Digitization of public deeds and legal certainty: Evidence from Peru. International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 32(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaad009
Nugroho, H., Arief, B. N., & Pujiyono. (2022). Land and property rights in Indonesia’s indigenous regions: Evidentiary challenges. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, 4(2), 255–272. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v4i2.52345
Nuhidayah, L., Suhardin, Y., & Muji, R. (2020). Procedural uncertainty in Indonesian indigenous land documentation. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Fakultas Hukum Universitas Riau, 9(1), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.30652/jih.v9i1.7104
Nurjaya, I. M. A., Sumardhika, I. N., & Widiati, I. A. P. (2020). Kewenangan notaris terhadap pembuatan covernote. Jurnal Konstruksi Hukum, 1(2), 421–425. https://doi.org/10.22225/jkh.1.2.2535.421-425
Nurwulan, P. (2018). Akad perbankan syariah dan penerapannya dalam akta notaris menurut Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris. Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM, 25(3), 623–644. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol25.iss3.art10
Pogosyan, E. V. (2022). Concept and special features of proving in notarial activities. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta. Pravo, 13(1), 125–141. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2022.107
Popescu, D. A. (2011). The European space of free movement of persons, goods, capitals and services - A space of free movement of authentic instruments as well? Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 32, 207–234.
Purwaningsih, E. (2015). Bentuk pelanggaran hukum notaris di wilayah Provinsi Banten dan penegakan hukumnya. Mimbar Hukum, 27(1), 14–28. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.15907
Rahman, Y. P. (2019). Pengaturan penyerahan protokol notaris yang telah meninggal dunia dan prakteknya di Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Jurnal Cendekia Hukum, 5(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.33760/jch.v5i1.120
Rangkuti, N. S. (2023). Penyelesaian pekerjaan notaris yang tertunda karena notaris meninggal dunia di Kota Medan. Rechtsnormen Jurnal Komunikasi Dan Informasi Hukum, 1(2), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.56211/rechtsnormen.v1i2.123
Rodziewicz, P. (2023). Authentic Instruments. In Ius Gentium (Vol. 111, pp. 351–362). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47108-7_15
Sandefur, R. L. (2009). Access to justice: Classical approaches and new directions. In R. L. Sandefur (Ed.), Access to justice (Vol. 12, pp. 1–36). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1521-6136(2009)0000012003
Sari, A. M., & Lisdiyono, E. (2024). Perlindungan hukum bagi penghadap terhadap permasalahan akta jual beli tanah oleh {PPAT}. Jurnal Akta Notaris, 3(1), 97–114.
Setiawan, N., & Octarina, N. F. (2022). Legal uncertainty over notary protocols in Law Number 43 of 2009. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 3(4), 543–566. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v3i4.58654
Sihombing, J. S. P., Saraswati, R., Yunanto, & Turymshayeva, A. (2024). The Regulation of Legal Protection for Poor Communities Toward Justice in Indonesia and the Netherlands. Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 4(2), 331–353. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v4i2.274
Silviana, A., & Fuadi, A. (2023). Legal Policy on the Use of Heir Certificates (SKAW) for Registration of Land Rights Transfers in Indonesia. Law Reform: Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum, 19(2), 294–320. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v19i2.52626
Sukirno, & Wibawa, K. C. S. (2024). Indonesian indigenous communities and access to formal legal processes. Jurnal Hukum Dan Pembangunan, 54(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol54.no1.3824
Sunaryanto, H. (2018). Efektivitas tempat penyimpanan protokol notaris yang telah berumur 25 tahun. Jurnal Hukum Dan Kenotariatan, 2(2), 288–301. https://doi.org/10.33474/hukeno.v3i2.3371
Syamsuddin, A. R. (2020). Pembuktian penyalahgunaan wewenang dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi pengadaan barang dan jasa. Jambura Law Review, 2(2), 161–181. https://doi.org/10.33756/jlr.v2i2.5942
Taruffo, M. (2003). Rethinking the standards of proof. American Journal of Comparative Law, 51(3), 659–677. https://doi.org/10.2307/3649144
Trayama, Y., & Adhari, A. (2025). Evidence of authentic deeds in civil disputes related to nominee agreements on ownership of land title certificates. Jurisprudensi: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, Perundang-Undangan Dan Ekonomi Islam, 17(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.32505/jurisprudensi.v17i1.10550
Wolf, C. R. (2008). Notaries in Germany. In M. Wendler, B. Tremml, & B. Buecker (Eds.), Key Aspects of German Business Law: A Practical Manual (pp. 351–361). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68577-7_28
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30984/pp.v29i1.4095
Article Metrics
Abstract view : 102 timesPDF - 54 times
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Potret Pemikiran
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Statistic Journal Potret
Rumah Jurnal Institut Agama Islam Negeri Manado
Jl. Dr. S.H. Sarundajang, Kawasan Ringroad I, Malendeng Manado Kode Pos 95128, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia.
All publication by Potret Pemikiran are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Potret Pemikiran, ISSN 1693-1874 (Print), ISSN 2528-0376 (Online)